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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela is a South African leader who spent years in prison for opposing apartheid, the policy by which the races were separated and whites were given power over blacks in South Africa. Upon his release from prison, Mandela became the first president of a black-majority-ruled South Africa in which apartheid was officially ended. A symbol of hope for many, Mandela is also a former winner of the Nobel Peace Prize .
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in a small village in the southeastern region of South Africa called the Transkei. His father was chief of the village and a member of the royal family of the Thembu tribe, which spoke the Xhosa language. As a boy, Mandela grew up in the company of tribal elders and chiefs, which gave him a rich sense of African self-government and heritage, despite the cruel treatment of blacks in white-governed South Africa.
Mandela was also deeply influenced by his early education in Methodist church schools. The instruction he received there set Mandela on a path leading away from some African tribal traditions, such as an arranged marriage set up by a tribal elder, which he refused. After being expelled from Fort Hare University College in 1940 for leading a student strike, Mandela obtained a degree from Witwatersrand University. In 1942 he received a degree in law from the University of South Africa.
In 1944 Mandela joined the African National Congress ( ANC ), a South African political party. Since its founding, the ANC's main goal had been to work to improve conditions and rights for people of color in South Africa. However, its fairly conservative stance had led some members to call for less timid measures. Mandela became one of the ANC's younger and more radical leaders as a member of the ANC's Youth League. He became president of the league in 1951. The years between 1951 and 1960 were troubled times, both for South Africa and for the ANC. Younger antiapartheid activists (protesters), including Mandela, were coming to the view that nonviolent demonstrations against apartheid did not work, because they allowed the South African government to respond with violence against Africans. Although Mandela was ready to try every possible technique to destroy apartheid peacefully, he began to feel that nonviolent resistance would not change conditions in the end.
In 1952 Mandela's leadership of ANC protest activities led to a nine-month jail sentence. Later, in 1956, he was arrested with other ANC leaders for promoting resistance to South Africa's "pass laws" that prevented blacks from moving freely in the country. Mandela was charged with treason (a crime committed against one's country), but the charges against him and others collapsed in 1961. By this time, however, the South African government had outlawed the ANC. This move followed events at Sharpeville in 1960, when police fired on a crowd of unarmed protesters.
Sharpeville had made it clear that the days of nonviolent resistance were over. In 1961 antiapartheid leaders created a semi-underground (operating illegally) movement called the All-African National Action Council. Mandela was appointed its honorary secretary and later became head of Umkhonto weSizwe (the Spear of the Nation), a militant ANC organization which used
sabotage (destruction of property and other tactics used to undermine the government) in its fight against apartheid.
(Taken from: https://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mandela-Nelson.html)
Answer the following questions correctly based on the text above!
1. According to the passage, what was NOT true about Apartheid?
A. It was an unfair treatment
B. It was initiated by Nelson Mandela
C. Blacks were on the receiving end
D. White minority dominated South Africa's government
E. It provoked revolt of Blacks
2. What was one of the consequences of Nelson Mandela's opposition to South Africa's government?
A. He received Nobel Peace Prize
B. He befriended a lot of fellow activists
C. He was hated by many South Africans
D. He had to spend time in prison
E. He became a catalyst for Blacks resurgence
3. Based on the text, how was Nelson Mandela's upbringing best described?
A. He was intellectually triggered by older people around him
B. He was segregated
C. He was treated unfairly
D. He was fascinated by Apartheid
E. He was raised well by his parents
4. Why did Nelson Mandela not finish his studies at Fort Hare University?
A. Because he had to start the revolution
B. Because he felt that he was being discriminated
C. The university thought he was responsible for students' unrest
D. His enemies at the university got him expelled
E. He was not considered competent to continue his studies
5. What was one of his tribe's values Nelson Mandela objected?
A. Apartheid
B. Tribal leadership
C. Nonviolent protests
D. Marriage arrangement
E. Lavish weddings
6. Where in the passage did it occur to Nelson Mandela that peaceful means would not be able to abolish Apartheid?
A. Paragraph one
B. Paragraph two
C. Paragraph three
D. Paragraph four
E. Paragraph five
7. What is the topic of the last paragraph?
A. Apartheid opponents' change of tactic
B. The use of non violent measures to abolish Apartheid
C. Nelson Mandela's appointment as Umkhonto weSizwe's Head
D. Nelson Mandela's continued promotions in his organisation
E. The end of Anti-apartheid opposition
8. The word "timid" in paragraph four can best be replaced by?
A. Violent
B. Reckless
C. Afraid
D. Peaceful
E. Resolute
9. The word "undermine" in paragraph six can best be replaced by?
A. Crash
B. Denounce
C. Support
D. Trick
E. Weaken
10. What does the word "its" in "However, its fairly conservative stance ... " (Paragraph four) refer to?
A. South Africa
B. Youth league
C. Opposition
D. African National Congress
E. ANC's main goal